Of all the holidays, Halloween stands out as the best example of the quintessential American "melting pot," that is, a melange of beliefs, rituals, or traditions, both religious or pagan, that stem from all cultures living in America.
October 31 marks the observation
of Halloween or Hallowe'en, a short variation of All-hallow-even, the
evening before All Hallows Day or All Saints Day, on November 1. After
the Romans conquered the Celts in 43AD, they adopted many of their
festivals and incorporated them into their own religious celebrations.
All Hallows Day was one such example. Originally the day that
celebrated numerous pagan festivals, but Pope Gregory III would
eventually designate November 1 to mark the Christian feast of All
Saints Day, which had moved from May 13. According to the Church, a day
started at sunset, which is why celebrations typically started on
October 31, the eve of the holiday, All Hallows Day.

Halloween's Celtic Origins
One
of most poignant pagan celebrations was Samhain (pronounced "Sow-en,")
a Celtic holiday, which marked the end of the harvest and the end of
summer. Samhain is sometimes also regarded as the "Celtic New Year."
Celts believed this was a very important day to celebrate, as this was
the day when two worlds, the living and the dead, came together.
Spirits were believed to be mischievous and caused trouble, sometimes
damaging crops. So the Celts would leave food, gather together and set
huge bonfires of burning crops, believing the light would drive away
evil spirits away. Sometimes they lit candles or carved lanterns out of
vegetables such as squash to light the way for good spirits. In the
Americas, those lanterns would be carved out of pumpkins, also known as
Jack O'Lanterns. There are also some accounts of people making animal
sacrifices to Celtic deities and even dressing in costumes made of
animal hides to fool evil spirits. These days, Samhain is celebrated
more has a harvest festival but still uses many of the same rituals.

Halloween Traditions in the 1800s

European immigrants brought their rituals and customs with them to
America. There are actually few accounts of Halloween in colonial
American history due in part to the large Protestant presences in the
Northern colonies and their strict religious beliefs. However, down in
the Southern colonies where larger, more mixed European communities had
settled, there are some accounts of Halloween celebrations mixing with
Native American harvest celebrations.

In the mid 1800s,
nearly two million Irish immigrants fleeing potato famine helped shape
Halloween into an even more widely celebrated event. Scottish
immigrants celebrated with fireworks, telling ghost stories, playing
games and making mischief. There were games such as bobbing for apples,
dooking, the dropping of forks on apples without using hands, and
Puicini, an Irish fortune-telling game using saucers. Young women were
frequently told if they sat in dark rooms and gazed into a mirror, the
face of their future husbands would appear, however, if a skull
appeared, the poor girl would be destined to die before marriage. The
English observation of Guy Fawkes Day on November 5 had also become
intertwined with Halloween. Most pranks and mischief were the work of
naughty children rather than spirits as once believed.

Halloween As A Communal Celebration

By the 1900s, the focus had shifted from a religious holiday to a more
communal celebration. "Guising" was actually a practice dating back to
the middle ages, when the poor would go around asking for food or
money. Borrowing from the English and Irish traditions, children
adopted the practice of guising and would dress up in costumes, but
there are only isolated references to children actually going door to
door asking for food or money during Halloween. Instead parties were
held and had a more festive atmosphere with colorful costumes. The
frightening and superstitious aspects of Halloween had diminished
somewhat, and Halloween in America was slowly shedding some of the old
European traditions favoring more light-hearted celebrations.

Trick or Treat

Despite the good natures of some people, Halloween pranks and mischief
had become a huge problem in the 1920s and 1930s, mostly because the
pranks often turned into vandalism, property damage and even physical
assaults. Bad kids and even organizations such as the KKK, used the
Halloween as an excuse to engage in criminal activity. Schools and
communities did the best they could to curb vandalism by encouraging
the "trick or treat" concept. The Boy Scouts got into the act by
organizing safe events like school carnivals and local neighborhood
trick or treat outings for children, hoping this would stir
troublemakers away. But the Trick or Treat idea did face some
controversy, as some parents and community leaders would take a stance
that Trick or Treat was along the same lines as extortion, either the
homes gave children "treats" or the families would be maliciously
targeted with "tricks" for not complying. Regardless, by the late 30s,
vandalism was decreasing as more and more children opted to partake in
Trick or Treat.

The
earliest known print of the words "Trick or Treat" did not occur until
1934, when a Portland, Oregon newspaper ran an article about how
Halloween pranks kept local police officers on their toes. There would
be sporadic instances of the phrase "Trick or Treat" used in the media
during the 1930s, eventually making its way onto Halloween cards. But
the practice we see today, children dressed in costume, going house to
house saying "Trick or Treat" did not really come about until the mid
1940s. Today, those original vintage Halloween cards depicting the
"Trick or Treat" words are collector's items.

The First Halloween Celebrations

Anoka, Minnesota, a.k.a the "Halloween Capital of the World," was the
first city in America to officially hold a Halloween celebration, in an
effort to divert kids from pulling pranks like tipping outhouses and
letting cows loose to run around on Main Street. The town organized a
parade and spent the weeks prior planning and making costumes. Treats
of popcorn, peanuts and candy to any children who participated in the
parade, followed by a huge bonfire in the town square. The event grew
over time and has been held every year since 1920 except 1942 and 1943
when festivities were cancelled due to World War II. These days Anoka,
holds elaborate Halloween festivals with a parade, carnivals, costume
contests, house decorating, and other community celebrations, living up
to its self-proclaimed title of "Halloween Capital of the World."
Salem, Massachusetts, associated mostly with witches due in part to its
long and sometimes torrid history, also lays claim to the title. Many
historians quietly back away from that debate leaving the two cities to
duke it out for themselves.

Halloween in Modern America

The popularity of Halloween has increased year after year. Television,
movies, and other media outlets have helped Halloween grow into
America's second largest commercial holiday, which brings in an
estimated $6.9 billion dollars annually. Watching horror movies and
visiting haunted attractions, real haunts or haunted theme parks is a
popular modern way to celebrate the evening. Just as it was in the
colonial times, Halloween in America is a melting pot of everything
that is Halloween. There is no correct way to celebrate the holiday.
Overzealous religious and social organizations have unsuccessfully
tried to squash the holiday by spreading lies or rumors hoping to
tarnish the image of Halloween by associating it with evil. The truth
is there are many unsubstantiated reports and rare attacks on ordinary
citizens in the way of razorblades in apples or kidnappings and
killings for Satanic rituals. Most myths are created to simply prey on
human fears, sometimes for fun and sometimes to railroad thoughts and
beliefs to serve the purpose of a select few.

The biggest
challenge facing today's 38 million trick or treaters is staying safe
in a world where the criminal types use Halloween as an excuse to act
on deviant behavior. Many school and local communities will organize
trick or treating in shopping malls, especially in neighborhoods where
gang activity is prevalent. Parent worries in even the safe
neighborhoods have adopted this practice as well. It saves money in the
long run and is safe for all those involved and is slowly becoming the
preferred way to celebrate in these volatile times.

Some have
argued that Halloween has lost its spiritual meaning due to all the
corporate and media influences. In this technology driven world, it's
important to remember that along with society, even holidays are
subject to evolution. No matter what people choose to do, no matter
what cultural, spiritual or material way, as long as people celebrate
in a safe and happy way, the spirit of Halloween in America will endure
for ages. But it's always nice to take a look back at history and learn
how it all began.